volume Number 9، number In Volume 4، Winter 2017 ، issue Number 34

The role of literature and culture in the garden architecture in India Case Study: Evaluation of Mazar-e-Taj Mahal garden based on Grounded Theory)

Behnaz Payamani(Author in Charge), Masoume Pazooki

Abstract

Iranian culture and civilzation such as the Persian Garden and its Construction method has always been significant by other nation s ruler especially Indian ruler.Efforts to transfer knowledge of Persian garden Construction to India began from the Mughal dynasty.This art rooted in Iranian special attention to nature and its around the world.This study seeks via studying the Persian gardens in the India,espcially the garden tomb Taj Mahal ,composing elements and their Iranian architectural review in terms of knowledge of the literature and geography .so in this way ,it shows the level of sensibility of India from ancient and noble civilization and culture of Iran.In this paper ,by utilizing qualitative paradigm and Grounded Theory,we pay to Review and analysis of the influence of literature and culture on Indian architecture with an emphasis on geographical structure of the garden tomb Taj Mahal.Hybrid method (documents_ survey) was used for Collecting needed data to investigate ,study and analsis.Research results show that architectural culture and construction of the garden and the garden tomb in India is influenced by Iranian culture ,literature ,art and chitecture ,especially during the safavid and Mughal dyasty.

The reason conditions are the following : The presence of some of the Iranian poets during the safavid dynasty in India ,close to the spirit of the people of Iran and India,Assimilation and integration of garden architecture and design in Hindi by the architectural Hindi Persian Gardens that is influenced by architecture of Persian gardens,The presence of certain natural elements and man_ made Persian gardens in India( Mughal period) and the influence of cultural elements of outside the territory of India that is inspired by the architecture of the safavid; In discussing of the actions and interactions in this study can be noted the climatic and geographical different conditions between Iran and India that caused Garden structure of Hindi be different from Persian gardens in terms of outlook ,used materials ,trees and flowers which are planted in the garden and water views,this led the that Indian architecture is unique in the world and for example the garden tomb of the Taj Mahal can be announced as a symbol of culture and civilization of Hindi in the world. Context of this study are following : historical,cultural, political Communications and interactive and the Presence poets, witers ,and some Iranian leaders and the powerful and influential woman in Indian court; Intervening Condition is included the proximity of the spirits of the people of India and Iran,Iranian nobles effective presence in India.

Keyword
Persian Garden , India , literature , Grounded Theory , geography

• John, Pin (2001) Greek mythology, translated by Bajlan Farrokhi, Tehran
• Akbari Mafakher, Arash (2010) Iranian Demonology, Tehran: Trfand
• Emami, M. (2007) Qualitative Research Strategies: Reflections on Foundation Data Theorizing, Journal of Management Thought, Year 1 Number 2 Page 69
• Beirl, Anne (2005) Chinese Myths, translated by Abbas Mokhber, Tehran:Markaz
• Green, Jane (2008) Celtic Myths, translated by Abbas Mokhber, Tehran:Markaz
• Bagheri, Mahnaz (2010) Reflection of Religious Thoughts in Achaemenid Paintings, Tehran: Amirkabir
• Barati, N(2004) Garden and Horticulture in Iranian Culture and Persian Language, Bagh-e Nazar Magazine, No. 2,
• Soltani, M (2014) A Comparative Study of the Concepts of the Persian Garden in the Two Lands of Iran and India, Quarterly Journal of Oriental Art and Civilization
• Atroush, Tahereh (2006) What is an idol? Tehran: C Ball Art Institute
• Wilbur, Donald Newton (2006) Persian Gardens and Pavilions, translated by Mahin Dokht Saba, Tehran:Elmi va Farhangi
• Bahar, Mehrdad (2001) Bandeshan, Dadgi, Farnbagh, Reporter, Tehran: Toos
• Cambridge (1373) History of Iran, translated by Hassan Anousheh, Tehran: Amirkabir
• Jalali Moghadam, Massoud (2006) History of Religions and Beliefs in Iran, Tehran: Pocket Books Company
• Oshidari, Jahangir (1992) Mazdisna Encyclopedia, Tehran: Markaz
• Saeb Tabrizi, Mohammad Ali (2004) Divan, Tehran: Alam
• Adib Haj Bagheri, Mohsen and Salsali, Mahvash (2003) Qualitative Research Methods, Tehran: Bashari
• Silverman, David (2000) Qualitative research methodology in sociology, translated by Mohsen Thalasi, Tehran: Tebyan
• Dubois, Monique (1997) The Secrets of the Living, translated by Jalal Sattari, Tehran: Markaz
• Fraser, James (2007) The Golden Branch, translated by Kazem Firoozmand, Tehran: Agah
• Rajabi, Parviz (2002) The Lost Millennia, Tehran: Toos
• Halliday, M. (1997) Artist and Iranian, translated by Yaghoub Azhand, Tehran: Musa
• Dashti, Ali (1976) A Look at Saeb, Tehran: Amirkabir
• Pope, Arthur Apam (1986) Iranian Architecture, translated by Gholam Hossein Sadri, Tehran: Farhangan